Cardiology

Cardiology is the branch of medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. The field is commonly divided in the branches of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called cardiologists. Cardiologists should not be confused with cardiac surgeons who are surgeons who perform cardiac surgery - operative procedures on the heart and great vessels.

The term cardiology is derived from the Greek word καρδιά (transliterated as kardia and meaning heart or inner self).

Anatomy & physiology

Basic anatomy (Structure of the heart)
Epicardium
Pericardium
Myocardium
Papillary muscle
Endocardium
Coronary circulation (Blood supply of the heart)
Heart valves
Ventricles
Atria
basic anotomy of the heart
CT of the Heart

Circulatory system (Blood supply of the body)
Cardiac output
Heart rate
Vascular resistance
Blood vessels

Pulmonary circulation (Oxygenation of the blood)
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein

Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)
Electrical conduction system of the heart
Action potential
Ventricular action potential
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Bundle of His
Purkinje fibers

Basic cardiac physiology
Systole
Diastole
Heart sounds
Preload
Afterload
Kussmaul's sign

Disorders of the coronary circulation
Atherosclerosis
Restenosis
Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)
Acute coronary syndrome
Angina
Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

Sudden cardiac death (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death)
Cardiac arrest

Treatment of sudden cardiac death
Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)
Cardiomyopathy
Ischemic cardiomyopathy
Nonischemic cardiomyopathy
Amyloid cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Dilated cardiomyopathy
Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy)
Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
Restrictive cardiomyopathy
Congestive heart failure
Cor pulmonale
Ventricular hypertrophy
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Primary tumors of the heart
Myxoma
Myocardial rupture

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)
Pericarditis
Pericardial tamponade
Constrictive pericarditis

Disorders of the heart valves
Aortic valve disorders
Aortic insufficiency
Aortic stenosis
Aortic valve replacement
Aortic valve repair
Aortic valvuloplasty
Mitral valve disorders
Mitral valve prolapse
Mitral regurgitation
Mitral stenosis
Mitral valve replacement
Mitral valve repair
Mitral valvuloplasty
Pulmonary valve disorders
Congenital pulmonic stenosis
Tricuspid valve disorders

Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)
Tachycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias
Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
Atrial fibrillation
Atrial flutter
Atrial tachycardia
Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)
Bigeminy
Premature ventricular contraction
Ventricular tachycardia
Torsades de pointes
Ventricular fibrillation
Sick sinus syndrome
Bundle branch block
Left bundle branch block
Right bundle branch block
Heart block
First degree AV block
Second degree AV block
Bifascicular block
Trifascicular block
Third degree AV block
Lev's disease
Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
Brugada syndrome
Long QT syndrome
Andersen-Tawil syndrome
Romano-Ward syndrome
Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
Short QT syndrome
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

Inflammation and infection of the heart
Endocarditis
Rheumatic heart disease
Myocarditis
Pericarditis

Congenital heart disease
Atrial septal defect
Ventricular septal defect
Patent ductus arteriosus
Bicuspid aortic valve
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)
Vasculitis
Atherosclerosis
Aneurysm
Varicose veins
Economy class syndrome
Diseases of the aorta
Coarctation of the aorta
Aortic dissection
Diseases of the carotid arteries
Carotid artery disease
Carotid artery dissection

Procedures done for coronary artery disease
Percutaneous coronary intervention
Atherectomy
Angioplasty (PTCA)
Stenting
Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Devices used in cardiology
Stethoscope
Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
Pacemaker
Defibrillator
Automated external defibrillator
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
Devices used to maintain blood pressure
Artificial heart
Heart-lung machine
Intra-aortic balloon pump
Ventricular assist device

Diagnostic tests and procedures
Blood tests
Echocardiogram
Cardiac stress test
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
QT interval
Osborn wave
Ambulatory Holter monitor
Electrophysiologic study
Programmed electrical stimulation
Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)
Cardiac enzymes
Coronary catheterization
Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve (FFRmyo)
IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)

Cardiac pharmaceutical agents
The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

Antiarrhythmic agents
Type I (sodium channel blockers)
Type Ia
Quinidine
Type Ib
Lidocaine
Phenytoin
Type Ic
Propafenone
Type II (beta blockers)
Metoprolol
Type III (potassium channel blockers)
Amiodarone
Dofetilide
Sotalol
Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)
Diltiazem
Verapamil
Type V
Adenosine
Digoxin
ACE inhibitors
Captopril
Enalapril
Perindopril
Ramipril
Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
Candesartan
Eprosartan
Irbesartan
Losartan
Telmisartan
Valsartan
Beta blocker
Calcium channel blocker

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